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Examine,Check,Inspect,Survey和Look Over辩异
这是一组常用的同意词,其基本词义是“检查、核实”,并且由此而引申出“考核”(examine,check)、“核对”(look over,check,examine)、“调查”(survey,inspect)、“视察”(inspect)。这组同义动词只有look over是短语动词,其意思是“快速检查一遍”。 从这组同义词的基本含义及其引申词义不难看出它们之间的共同点和细微差别,即词的个性。可见,它们之间既有其互换性,也有其专用性。了解这一特点对更正确地遣词造句很有帮助。
在特定场合下,它们之间既可互换,又有区别,不可错用,说到“检查”、“核对”账目时,可说check(或examine,或look over)the accounts。这时就不能用Inspect或survey。学校期中期末考核或平时考察,前者只能用examine,后者只能用check。如:Usually at the end of the term teachers will examine their students in English in an all round way.(通常学期末,教师必对学生进行全面的英语考核。) 在考场上,教师要学生检查一遍试卷时,通常只用look over或check over。如:Please look over(or check over)your examinenation paper carefully before you hand it to me.
而表示三易其稿,“一再审阅”,通常也用“look over”这一短语动词。如:I used to look several times over the article I had written and perfected it.(我常把写成的文章多次审阅加以完善。) 汉语对有身份的人的“检查”常以“视察”称之,英语也不例外,只能用inspect,如用examine则未免有失身份。试比较:
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The premier inspected the nuclear power stationlast year.(总理去年视察了核电站。)
The engineers examined the imported equipment carefully.(工程师们仔细地检查了进口设备。)
如果着眼于“了解实情”、“调查细节”,则可用survey,或examine。试比较:
The delegation surveyed the schools of America the year before last.(前年代表团考察过美国学校。)
Government experts are still examining the wreckage of the plane.(政府的专家们仍在调查飞机失事原因。)
从上述所举例子不难看出这组同义动词各有其侧重面,如:examine偏重“快速”、“逐一”、“再次”检查,survey着眼“整体”、“仔细”检查,而inspect则指“正式”、“仔细”视察。
只是了解词义及其侧重面还不够,还必须掌握与之搭配的副词。词的意义和内含决定着对副词的选用。现略述如下:
Examine常与副词closely,carefully,strictly,attentively,separately,periodically,critically等和介词短语in an a11 round way连用;check常与副词thoroughly,absolutely,carewfully,temporarily,effectively,systematically等连用;survey常与副词extensively,officially,impartially,critically等连用;inspect常与副词intently,personally,periodically,carefully,officially等连用;而look over常与副词always,again和作副词用的短语several
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