EF英孚英语语法-中高级10级 unit 7

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Language Focus

Trend prepositions

When presenting numerical information about trends or changes,



the prepositions by and to are used.

To describe the amount or degree of change, by is used. 例如：

Share prices fell by 30 points today. Growth in 2006 slowed by 50%.

Sales decreased by 50% in December.

To describe the actual number, to is used. 例如：

Unemployment figures rose to 30% in 2009. Emigrations rose in 2007 to 4.5 million. Share prices have fallen to 20 points.

The change of preposition significantly changes the meaning.

For example, if sales changed from $3000 to $1800, then both sentences below are correct:

Sales dropped by $1200. Sales dropped to $1800.

Language Focus Cause and effect

Cause and effect can be expressed with adverb phrases like the following:


Cause

because of since due to

so as a result consequently

Effect or result

Clauses that begin with since must be separated from the main clause by a comma. 例如：

Since my account is in the red, I'm going to ask the bank for a loan.

Let's bring this part of the presentation to a conclusion, since it is almost lunchtime.

With because of, if the clause is after the main clause, it doesn't always need a comma. If it comes before the main clause, it needs comma. 例如：

I need the loan because of my idea for a new business.

Because of increasing global concern for the environment, we expect to see this trend continue.

Clauses with so, as a result, or consequently must come after the main clause. 例如：

I spent a lot of money, so my account's in the red.

Brian Richards didn't go to college, so no one would have predicted his success. We expect to hit a peak some time in 2010, so this is good news for shareholders.

Language Focus

Transitive / intransitive verbs

Verbs that involve someone or something other than the subject are

transitive, meaning they have objects. Verbs that don't involve anyone or



anything other than the subject are intransitive. Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive depending on the situation.




Some transitive verbs: make, find, like, want, raise. 例如：

Banks have once again raised interest rates.

Some intransitive verbs: arrive, work, sleep, happen, fall, rise, fluctuate. 例如：

Stock prices have been fluctuating dramatically. The cost of living is falling sharply.

Some verbs that can be transitiveorintransitive: study, improve, climb, increase, increase, recover.

Transitive: The company will eventually recover its losses. Intransitive: Economists expect the economy will recover.

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